12/27/2017 0 Comments Online Dating Izmir Turkey• • • The role of women in contemporary is defined by an ongoing gender equality struggle, contributing elements of which include predicate conditions for EU membership candidacy, prevalent political tides that favour restrictive patriarchal models, and woman's rights activism. Women in Turkey continue to be the victims of rape and; furthermore research by scholars and government agencies indicate widespread domestic violence in Turkish population. Women in Turkey also face significant disparities in employment, and, in some regions, education. The participation of Turkish women in the labor force is less than half of that of the European Union average and while several campaigns have been successfully undertaken to promote female literacy, there is still a gender gap in secondary education and an increasing gender gap in higher education. There is also widespread occurrence of, the practice being especially widespread in the eastern and central parts of the country. Discrimination based on gender is banned by the Turkish constitution. The Turkish feminist movement began in the 19th century during the. This movement was embraced after the declaration of the Republic of Turkey by the administration of, whose included a ban on and the provision of full political rights to Turkish women by 1934. The first Turkish female doctor. In the course of the 16th and 17th centuries during the, women of the had extraordinary influence on politics of. Many of the Sultans during this time were minors and it was their, like, or sometimes daughters of the sultan as, leaders of the Harem, who effectively ruled the Empire. Most of these women were of slave origin. Izmir, Turkey Book and Save on Sightseeing Tours. Finest selection of Transsexual Escorts. Create a free profile, search people and discover likeminded. Arab Muslim Friends Worldwide LoveHabibi is the online meeting place for. Arab and Muslim friends. Izmir, Yamanlar is a popular excursion spot for the. On Hot or Not you can meet someone to go for a walk in İzmir Kordon. İzmir, Turkey. Bursa, Turkey. Dating in Istanbul; Dating in İzmir; Dating in. The period started in 1520 during the reign of until 1656, the reign of. During the in the 19th century, educated women within the elites of Istanbul began to organise themselves as feminists. With the reforms, improving women's conditions was considered as part of a wider modernisation effort. Ottoman women's movement began to demand rights. They fought to increase women's access to education and paid work, to abolish polygamy, and the, an Islamic veil. Early feminists published woman magazines in different languages and established different organizations dedicated to the advancement of women. The first women's association in Turkey, the, was founded in 1908 and became partially involved in the Movement. Writers and politicians such as, and also joined the movement. In her novels, Halide Edip Adıvar criticised the low social status of Turkish women and what she saw as the lack of interest of most women in changing their situation. During the, a widow proved herself as a successful milita leader. After the founding of the Turkish Republic in 1923, the feminist movement gradually became part of the modernization efforts. Was banned, divorce and inheritance rights were made equal. In the 1930s, Turkey gave full political rights to, including the right to elect and be elected locally (in 1930) and nationwide (in 1934). There still remained, however, a large discrepancy between formal rights and the social position of women. In the 1980s, women's movements became more independent of the efforts to modify the state. After the, women from both urban and academic milieus began to meet in reading groups and discuss feminist literature together. In these 'awareness-raising groups', which were established notably in Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir, they criticized the standard construction of the family as well as the gender-specific role behavior that was forced on women. Independent feminist women's magazines were founded to expose the frequency of sexual harassment and violence against women. In 1987 feminists organized the first public protest against male violence, followed by campaigns against sexual harassment, 'purple needle', and campaigns seeking the right of self-determination over the female body. These campaigns arose due to women's wish to reject the traditional patriarchal code of ethics, honor, and religion which left men to decide the fate of the female body. The second wave of the women's movement in Turkey reached a wider and more diverse group of women than the first women's movement. The acceptance of women's issues as an independent political and planning problem was discussed for the first time in the Fifth Five Year Development Plan (1985–1990), and 'the General Directorate for the Status and Problems of Women' was established as a national mechanism in 1990. The General Directorate, which was connected to the Prime Ministry in 1991, has been carrying out its activities under the responsibility of a State Ministry. It conducts a large variety of activities with the objective of protecting women's rights, of strengthening the position of women in social, economic, cultural and political life, and of providing the equal utilization of rights, opportunities and capacities. Since the 1990s, feminist discourse has become institutionalized, with the foundation of women's studies centers and university programs at universities such as or as. In 1993, became the first female Prime Minister of Turkey. In 2002 the Turkish government reformed Turkish criminal and civil law, and since then, the rights of women and men during marriage, divorce, and any subsequent property rights have all been equalized. A criminal law has been established that deals with the female sexuality as a matter of individual rights, rather than as a matter of family honor. Additions to the Turkish constitution oblige the state to use all the necessary means to promote the equality of the sexes. Family courts were also created, labour laws were instituted to prohibit sexism, and programs were created to educate against domestic violence and to improve access to education for girls. Legal rights [ ]. 1929 First ever, 1929 Turkey is a party to the since 1985, as well as to its since 2002. Article 10 of the bans any, state or private, on the grounds of. It is the first country which had a woman as the President of its,. In addition,, the supreme court for, also has a woman judge as its President. The article 41 of the was revised to read that the family is 'based on equality between spouses'. The new code also granted women equal rights to property acquired during marriage, which was supposedly meant to give economic value to women’s labor within the family household. The minimum age for marriage was also raised to 18 (17 with parental consent). In cases of forced marriage, women have right to ask an annulment within the first 5 years of marriage. In 2004, an update to article 10 of the constitution placed the responsibility for establishing gender equality on the state: 'men and women have equal rights. The state shall have the obligation to ensure that this equality exists in practice'. In 2005, the Turkish penal code was changed to criminalize and harshen the sentences for those convicted of honor killings, which previously carried reduced sentenced because of 'provocation'. The Human Rights Directorate reported that the number of honor killings committed in Turkey rose to 220 in 2007, with most of the killings occurring in major cities. The, worn by more than 20% of Turkish women, is allowed to women working in public offices during the practice of their functions. Girl students in primary and secondary education also are allowed to use headscarf. Politics [ ] Feminism [ ]. And political leader. The of Turkish feminism occurred in the early 20th century, when women's organizations began to demand equality in civic and political rights. During this early period, the women's rights claims overlapped with the Kemalist reform process in the aftermath of the Republic. Reached Turkey in the 1980s, bringing up issues common to the movement which had emerged in the West in the 1960s, such as the elimination of violence against women, the oppression experienced in the family and the challenge against, then a common practice for women who were about to get married or who had been subjected to sexual assault. The rise of a global civil society and the internationalization of women’s organizations and the have given women’s organizations the possibility of accessing foreign funds. The number of women’s organizations as well as the projects that these organizations conduct have increased. Political representation [ ]. Main article: In 1930s for the first time Turkish women entered politics. The first elected female mayor was (1930). In the elections held on 8 February 1935 18 women entered the parliament. One of them, was a (village head) of a village prior to entrance to parliament. The first female city mayor was in 1950. Although representation of women in political and decision making bodies is relatively low, has been Prime Minister between 1993 and 1996. The number of has increased to 14.3% after the (79 individuals in the parliament), most of them are affiliated with the. In 1975 the percentage was 10.9 and in 2006 it was 16.3. Only 5.58 percent of mayors are women and in the whole of Turkey there is one governor (among 81) and 14 local governors. Crime against women [ ]. A region of Turkey strongly associated with A July 2008 Turkish study by a team from Dicle University on honor killings in the, the predominantly Kurdish area of Turkey, has so far shown that little if any social stigma is attached to honor killing. The team interviewed 180 perpetrators of honor killings and it also commented that the practice is not related to a feudal societal structure, 'there are also perpetrators who are well-educated university graduates. Of all those surveyed perpetrators, 60 percent are either high school or university graduates or at the very least, literate'. In 2010 a 16-year-old girl was buried alive by relatives for befriending boys in Southeast Turkey; her corpse was found 40 days after she went missing. There are well documented cases, where Turkish courts have sentenced whole families to life imprisonment for an honor killing. Such a case was on 13 January 2009, where a Turkish Court sentenced five members of the same family to life imprisonment for the honor killing of Naile Erdas, a 16-year old Kurdish girl who got pregnant as a result of rape. A June 2008 report by the Turkish Prime Ministry's Human Rights Directorate said that in alone there was one honor killing every week, and reported over 1,000 during the previous five years. It added that metropolitan cities were the location of many of these, whilst the perpetrators of these crimes in such cities mostly originated from Eastern Turkey. The mass migration during the past decades of rural population from Southeastern Turkey to big cities in Western Turkey has resulted in cities such as Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and Bursa having the highest numbers of reported honor killings. [ ] Most honour-related crimes happen in the rural Kurdish region, where a feudal, patriarchal system survives, but as Kurds have fled these regions, the crime is also spreading into cities across Turkey. Honor killings continue have some support in the conservative parts of Turkey, especially in southeastern Turkey, where most of the crimes take place. A survey where 500 men were interviewed in found that, when asked the appropriate punishment for a woman who has committed adultery, 37% of respondents said she should be killed, while 21% said her nose or ears should be cut off. Human trafficking [ ]. See also: While still trailing male literacy rates, female literacy rates in Turkey have grown substantially to 91.8% in 2015. Illiteracy is particularly prevalent among rural women, who are often not sent to school as girls. Half of girls aged between 15 and 19 are neither in the education system nor in the workforce. The government and various other foundations are engaged in education campaigns in Southeastern to improve the and education levels of women. In 2008, 4 million women were illiterate, as opposed to 990 thousand men. A 2008 poll by the Women Entrepreneurs Association of Turkey showed that almost half of urban Turkish women believe economic independence for women is unnecessary reflecting, in the view of psychologist, a heritage of patriarchy. In the 2012-2013, the schooling ratio of girls (at 99.61% as of 2014 according to the ) exceeded that of the boys for the first time in Turkish history. The gender gap in secondary education (5.3% lower than boys) remained, albeit at much lower levels in comparison to the 2002-2003 educational year (25.8%). However, the gender gap in higher education increased between 2002 and 2012 to 9.5%. Significant regional differences still persist, with only 15.9% of girls attending secondary school in the as of 2010, as opposed to 82.4% in the, the province with the highest percentage. In 2009, the provinces with the lowest schooling ratios for girls were, and, all in southeastern Turkey, while those with the highest ratios were, and, all in western Turkey. Dropout rates for girls at primary level are higher than boys, especially concentrating at the fifth and sixth years. Employment [ ]. See also: On average, 28% of Turkish women were married before the age of 18. Because of the large regional differences in the incidence of underage marriages, as many as 40~50% are married as minors in some areas, particularly in eastern and. A report by the Commission on Equality of Opportunity for Women and Men states that childhood marriages are 'widely accepted' by Turkish society. A is still paid in parts of Turkey. In 2016, the governing conservative (AKP) sought to introduce legislation which would have made a child rape no longer punishable if the perpetrator would offer to marry his victim; this was withdrawn after a public outcry against what was widely seen as an attempt of 'legitimising rape and encouraging child marriage'. Clothing [ ]. See also: Do you cover when going outside? 1999 2012 No, I do not 47.3% 66.5% Yes, I wear a headscarf 33.4% 18.8% Yes, I wear a 15.7% 11.4% Yes, I wear a 3.4% 0.1% NI/NA 0.3% 2.2% A 2006 survey by the estimated the prevalence of hair covering among Turkish women at 30%. There are regional variations: in 2005, 30% of women in Istanbul covered their hair, while in central and eastern Turkey, women are rarely seen on the streets, and wear headscarves in public. The 2006 survey found that, compared to a previous study carried out in 1999, the number of women who employ headcoverings had increased in rural areas, but decreased in cities. It also found that the, Turkish version of Arabic, was almost never worn by women in the 18–39 age group. From 1999 to 2006, women not wearing head coverings in the 25–39 age group rose from 28% to 41.5%, and in the 18–24 group increased from 40.5% to 50.7%. The prevalence also differs by income: in 2006, 37.2% of women in the medium income group were uncovered, compared to 71.2% in the higher income group. The same survey asked single men whether they would want prospective wives to go covered: 56% responded no, 44% yes. Only 1.1% of covered women said they cover because of their spouses, fiancees or family, yet 46% thought there would be objections if they went uncovered. On average, women who wear a headscarf are less tolerant towards gays, atheists, or ethnic minorities. Women's health [ ].
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